KNOWLEDGE management(km) have become a major issue not only for academics, but also for governments, regulators, enterprises, investors and other stakeholders during the last decade. Although most of the KNOWLEDGE management and intellectual capital analysis refers to private firms, this growing interest has extended from private organizations to public ones, such as universities and research centers. This latest concern is due to the fact that universities’ main goals are the production and diffusion of KNOWLEDGE, and their most important investments are in research and human resources. Despite the fact that their main inputs and outputs are basically Components, there are very limited instruments to measure and manage them. Because using fuzzy set theory, since staff perceptions of KNOWLEDGE management are generally expressed subjectively in vague linguistic terms, thus, this paper tries to apply fuzzy approach to KNOWLEDGE management in academic institutions and analyses the GAP between staff and faculty member’s expectations and perception. We found that, in generally, public universities have better situation in KNOWLEDGE management relative to private universities. It is apparent that the greatest GAP in private universities, are in the KNOWLEDGE creation and learning organizations dimensions.

Context and purpose. Obtaining the private GAP standard for healthy product certification due to costs is out of reach in many small and mediumsized farms among smallholder farmers. GroupGAP has provided a much-anticipated alternative where operators and farmers' cooperatives can pay the cost of certification on a cost-sharing basis. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explain the development strategies of GAP standard with emphasis on GroupGAP in the rice production system of Mazandaran province. Methodology/approach. Current research is qualitative and data analysis was conducted in the grounded theory method, during a three-stage process of open coding, central coding, and selective coding. The data collection tool included an in-depth and semi-structured interview with a qualitative content analysis technique, which was analyzed through Maxquda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and managers of the Rice Farmers Cooperative Company of Mazandaran Province, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Findings and conclusions. After extracting the concepts of the content analysis of the interviews, 9 conceptual codes out of 30 initial codes were identified in the first stage of coding. After refining and merging, the codes were classified into 3 subcategories. These components include the group certification system, the development of publicGAP programs and the development of private GAP. In the group certificates, the two dimensions of contract system development and guaranteed purchase, the development of the cooperative company for the production of healthy products have been taken into consideration. It is recommended to strengthen the organizations and cooperatives of farmers and exporters, especially to strengthen young farmers and women organizations. Originality. Originality/innovation: Due to the importance of the GAP standard issue and farmers' problems in providing the audit fees and establishment of GAP certificate, so far, no comprehensive study has been carried out in Iran on the development of operational strategies for the establishment of GAP and GroupGAP. Therefore, the current research is an attempt to provide a useful framework in explaining GAP standard development strategies with the participation of farmers in adopting the government, private, group and cooperative certification system.

The main purpose of the study is analyzing the GAP between KNOWLEDGE sharing and KNOWLEDGE application. This applied study has taken on Iran milk industries-Pegah Gilan company by fuzzy approach. In this study, Cronbach's alpha is used to check the reliability and the Content Analysis Method is used to check the validity. The innovative aspects of the research are using fuzzy logic to measure the GAP between KNOWLEDGE sharing and KNOWLEDGE application and offering appropriate solutions to reduce the GAP and to increase the level of KNOWLEDGE sharing and applying KNOWLEDGE. Based on the results, the GAP between KNOWLEDGE sharing and applying KNOWLEDGE in the organization is minimal and is less than 10 percent. Other findings indicate a moderate level of sharing and application of KNOWLEDGE in the organization.

In recent years, with the advancement of information technology in education, e-learning quality promotion has received increased attention. Numerous criteria exist for promoting learning quality, such as fitness for purpose, which refers to the extent to which service fits its intended purpose. Multiple purposes are considered in e-learning. One is reducing the KNOWLEDGE GAP between the learner’, s perception of educational concepts and what should be understood of training concepts. Identifying and calculating the learner’, s KNOWLEDGE GAP is the first step in reducing the KNOWLEDGE GAP. Consequently, this paper presents a new method for calculating the learner’, s KNOWLEDGE GAP concerning each concept in the training video content based on the learner’, s click behavior. The association between the learner’, s KNOWLEDGE GAP and click behavior was determined by categorizing the learner’, s click behaviors. Similarly, the Apriori algorithm extracted rules for each behavioral category. The results demonstrated that learning outcome correlated with the learner’, s click behavior. Therefore, four behavioral rules regarding the compatibility between the KNOWLEDGE GAP and learner’, s click behavior are presented. Experiments were performed by 52 students enrolled in the microprocessing course at Tehran University’, s e-Learning Center.

background: In spite of much literature written about the theory-practice GAP in the international nursing journals, there is evidence that indicates this subject has not been probed comprehensively since nursing education was transferred to universities in Iran. In the recent years, the public and the government have criticized Iranian nurses because of poor quality of patient care. Although this subject has been lamented by some researchers, there is no comprehensive work on how this GAP resulted.In the process of a larger study on “nursing KNOWLEDGE translation to practice”, of one PhD thesis, this process was explored.methods: Using grounded theory analysis, in-depth interviews were undertaken with a purposive sample of 29 nurses, with different levels of experience, from the school of nursing in Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2006 from January to August. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method.results: Three main themes emerging from this study included clinical behavior structure, paradoxical KNOWLEDGE and practice, and divergent nursing organization.conclusions: It seems that nursing education with some praxis and paradoxes in the realm of nursing KNOWLEDGE and practice, along with divergent organizational structure have decreased nurses’ ability in applying their professional KNOWLEDGE and skills in order to bridge the GAP between theory and practice. Moreover, in spite of increased academic input into nursing education, clinical behaviors of both education and practice settings was perceived as “traditional routine-based”.

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES: KNOWLEDGE GAP theory is one of the theories related to the sphere of influence of mass media. The design of the KNOWLEDGE GAP theory initially included a simple relationship between the socio-economic status of individuals and the extent of the awareness GAP between different groups. This means that the lower the socio-economic status of individuals, the less access they have to information, and vice versa; but later, it was not only the socio-economic base that determined people's access to information, but also their level of awareness of important issues related to social groups can be influenced by other variables such as people's interest or need for information. METHOD AND FINDING: A descriptive-analytical study of this issue shows that the GAP KNOWLEDGE theory does not mean the lower class is unaware of the available data and information, but claims that the growth of KNOWLEDGE is relatively higher among high-ranking groups, and this information GAP It will get deeper and deeper day by day. CONCLUSION: The basis of this theory is that the mass communication strengthens or increases the existing information inequalities. This research seeks to answer the question of what the theory of KNOWLEDGE GAP is and how its effects can be influenced by information inequalities.

Background and Aim: Spirituality, as the foundation of human existence and its impact on healing and recovery, has garnered increasing attention in recent years. Education in spirituality and spiritual care is considered a fundamental component of delivering high-quality nursing services, as emphasized by the World Health Organization and the International Council of Nurses. Training KNOWLEDGEable and competent nurses to address patients’ spiritual needs is a crucial step toward improving the quality of nursing care. This study aims to enhance nurses’ awareness and competencies in the field of spiritual care in order to promote the quality of nursing services and meet the spiritual needs of patients within the framework of care delivery. Methods: This review study was conducted by searching Persian and international databases including IranMedex, SID, Magiran, PubMed and Scopus, using Persian keywords as well as English keywords "Nursing Care", "Spiritual Care" and "Iran". The search covered publications from 2000 to 2024. From an initial pool of 2, 000 articles, 73 articles were selected for analysis based on inclusion criteria: The articles had to be written in Persian or English, be relevant to the study objective and have full-text availability. Ethical Considerations: Throughout the research and the writing of this article, ethical principles, textual integrity and academic honesty were duly observed. Results: The results, categorized based on the types of studies reviewed, were organized into four main domains: 1-The effects of spiritual care,2-Policymaking in this area,3-Concepts associated with spiritual care,4-Attitudes toward such care. These findings underscore the significance and distinct position of spiritual care as an influential approach. Accordingly, there is a clear and pressing need for more extensive research and the development of comprehensive, standardized and clearly defined frameworks in this field. Conclusion: Spiritual care is an indispensable part of healthcare services that necessitates interdisciplinary and collaborative engagement among all healthcare personnel in hospitals. However, GAPs in information dissemination, comprehensive staff training, access to spiritual care services and the precise definition of therapeutic roles have hindered the effective implementation of such care. Additionally, more in-depth research and the documentation of patients’ experiences can assist in the design of comprehensive and efficient programs.

Due to the intensity of the impact that tourists’ environmental behavior has on the destination environments, this group of people are placed among those groups who are studied from their environmental behavior point of view. This article with a structured vision, surveys the effects of mental and visional variables on the en-behavior of two types of tourists.The study was performed through a combination of desk and field studies – using questionnaire. Due to the lack of an accurate sampling framework for domestic tourists, by conducting a discovery work, 350 tourists were selected, where 200 of them belonged to Chalus statistical population and 150 individuals belonged to Isfahan. Collected data were assessed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods with the help of SPSS.According to the findings of Pearson correlation test, there is significant and direct relationship between tourists' en-behavior and their environmental values, understanding of environmental benefits, cultural imagination, and cultural motivation. While no significant relationship was seen between environmental KNOWLEDGE and tourists' en-behavior. According to the path analysis, imagination of place with a beta value of 0.75 has the greatest effect on the dependent variable of the study. In the second rank the variable of understanding of environmental benefits with a Beta value of 0.59 affects directly and indirectly the tourists' en-behaviors. Environmental motivation and environmental values with Beta scores of 0.35 and 0.29 respectively have significant direct effects on the dependent variable. In regression analysis of the paths, the environmental KNOWLEDGE variable was removed from the model due to the insignificant obtained Beta. The mentioned factors totally explained 60% of the changes in tourists' en behaviors.

Background: The theory‑ practice GAP can be described as a lack of ability to relate the KNOWLEDGE acquired in academics and research work with practice. This study aims to assess the KNOWLEDGE and the perception of Nigerian nurses on the theory‑ practice GAP in Nursing. Materials and Methods: This cross‑ sectional correlational study was carried out with a sample of 196 nurses who were working in the Federal Medical Centre Keffi and Aminu Kano Teaching hospital in Kano, all from the northern part of Nigeria, from April to June 2019. The participants were selected using a convenient sampling technique, where a self‑ administered questionnaire was utilized to collect the data and analysis was undertaken using SPSS. Results: The results of this study showed that 83. 80% of respondents had good KNOWLEDGE and 89. 10% of the respondents had good perceptions. The levels of KNOWLEDGE were significantly different in correlation with the educational level of respondents (χ 2 = 13. 88, df = 6, p = 0. 022), which was determined using a Fischer exact test. Also, the level of perception was significantly different when considering the nature of work participants undertook (X 2 = 7. 65, df = 2, p = 0. 022). Conclusions: Given the participants’ awareness and perceptions in this study, it is clear that they are well informed of the theory‑ practice GAP. This is a call for all professionals at an individual and organizational level to work, as it will translate into GAP minimization, thereby increasing the quality of health care delivery as nurses constitute the largest part of the health care team in Nigeria.

Socrates believed that there is no GAP between ethical KNOWLEDGE and action because human KNOWLEDGE causes realization of actions. In addition to criticizing Socrates’ theory, Aristotle considered that the reason of GAP between ethical KNOWLEDGE and action is weakness of free will. Unlike Socrates, Avicenna was not seeing KNOWLEDGE as the enough condition of action. Also unlike Aristotle, he believed that the effect of desire on free will is not the reason of GAP between ethical KNOWLEDGE and action while he believes that the free will caused by rational KNOWLEDGE is led to realization of ethical action. To illustrate the GAP between ethical KNOWLEDGE and action, he mentions several internal and external reasons which prevent realization of rational KNOWLEDGE in human. Therefore, if KNOWLEDGE is based on weaknesses such as illusion and fantasy and not made of reason, action will not be realized and if it is realized, it will be unethical. In addition, by having rational commentary from verses and narrations, Avicenna provides evidence for his statements and finally he believes that factors such as real worshiping, governance of reason on other powers and realization of certain KNOWLEDGE will remove the GAP between ethical action and KNOWLEDGE.